Catherine of Aragon - the Kings Great Matter

Continued from: Catherine of Aragon: Marriage to Henry VIII The End of a Marriage With England allied against Catherines nephew, the Emperor Charles V, and with Henry VIII desperate for a legitimate male heir, the marriage of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII, once a supportive and, it seemed, loving relationship, unraveled. Henry had begun his flirtation with Anne Boleyn sometime in 1526 or 1527. Annes sister, Mary Boleyn, had been Henrys mistress, and Anne had been a lady-in-waiting to Henrys sister, Mary, when she was Queen of France, and later a lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon herself. Anne resisted Henrys pursuit, refusing to become his mistress. Henry, after all, wanted a legitimate male heir. Always Invalid? By 1527, Henry was citing Biblical verses Leviticus 18:1-9 and Leviticus 20:21, interpreting these to mean that his marriage to his brothers widow explained his lack of a male heir by Catherine. That was the year, 1527, when Charles Vs army sacked Rome and took Pope Clement VII prisoner. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as king of Spain, was the nephew of Catherine of Aragon -- his mother was Catherines sister, Joanna (known as Juana the Mad). Henry VIII saw this as an opportunity to go to the bishops who could use the Popes incapacity to themselves rule that Henrys marriage to Catherine had not been valid. In May of 1527, with the Pope still a prisoner of the Emperor, Cardinal Wolsey held a trial to examine whether the marriage was valid. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, refused to support Henrys position. In June of 1527, Henry asked Catherine for a formal separation, offering her an opportunity to retire to a nunnary. Catherine did not accept Henrys suggestion that she retire quietly so that he could remarry, on the grounds that she remained the true queen. Catherine asked her nephew Charles V to intervene and to try to influence the pope to refuse any request of Henrys to annul the marriage. Appeals to the Pope Henry sent an appeal with his secretary to Pope Clement VII in 1528, asking for his marriage to Catherine to be annulled. (This is often referred to as a divorce, but technically, Henry was asking for an annulment, a finding that his first marriage had not been a true marriage.) The request was amended quickly to also ask that the Pope permit Henry to marry within the first degree of affinity though not a brothers widow, and permit Henry to marry someone previously contracted to marry if the marriage was never consummated. These circumstances fit the situation with Anne Boleyn completely. He had previously had a relationship with Annes sister, Mary. Henry continued to muster scholarly and expert opinions to refine and extend his arguments. Catherines argument against Henrys was simple: she simply affirmed that her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated, which would make the whole argument about consanguinity moot. Campeggis Trial The Pope was no longer a prisoner of the Emperor, Catherines nephew, in 1529, but he was still largely under the control of Charles. He sent his legate, Campeggi, to England to try to find some alternate solution. Campeggi convened a court in May of 1529 to hear the case. Both Catherine and Henry appeared and spoke. That Catherine knelt before Henry and appealed to him is likely an accurate depiction of that event. But after that, Catherine stopped cooperating with Henrys legal actions. She left the court hearings and refused to return another day when ordered to do so. Campeggis court adjourned without a verdict. It did not reconvene. Catherine had continued to live at court, though Henry was often with Anne Boleyn. She even continued to make Henrys shirts, which enraged Anne Boleyn. Henry and Catherine fought publicly. The End of Wolsey Henry VIII had trusted his chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey, to handle what was called the Kings Great Matter. When Wolseys work did not result in the action Henry expected, Henry dismissed Cardinal Wolsey from his position as chancellor. Henry replaced him with a lawyer, Thomas More, rather than a clergyman. Wolsey, charged with treason, died the next year before he could be tried. Henry continued to marshal arguments for his divorce. In 1530, an treatise by a scholarly priest, Thomas Cranmer, that defended Henrys annulment, came to Henrys attention. Cranmer advised that Henry rely on the opinions of scholars in European universities rather than on the Pope. Henry increasingly relied on Cranmers counsel. The Pope, instead of responding positively to Henrys plea for a divorce, issued an order forbidding Henry from marrying until Rome came to a final decision on the divorce. The Pope also ordered secular and religious authorities in England to stay out of the matter. So, in 1531, Henry held a clerical court that declared Henry the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This effectively overrode the Popes authority to make decisions, not only about the marriage itself, but about those in the English church who cooperated with Henrys pursuit of the divorce. Catherine Sent Away On July 11, 1531, Henry sent Catherine to live in relative isolation in Ludlow, and she was cut off from all contact with their daughter, Mary. She never saw Henry or Mary in person again. In 1532, Henry obtained the support of Francis I, the French king, for his actions, and secretly married Anne Boleyn. Whether she became pregnant before or after that ceremony is not certain, but she was definitely pregnant before the second wedding ceremony on January 25, 1533. Catherines household was moved several times to different locations on Henrys orders, and such close friends as her long-time companion (from before Catherines marriage to Henry) Maria de Salinas were forbidden contact with Mary. Another Trial A new Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, then convened a clerical court in May of 1533, and found Henrys marriage to Catherine null. Catherine refused to appear at the hearing. Catherines title of Dowager Princess of Wales was restored -- as Arthurs widow -- but she refused to accept that title. Henry reduced her household further, and she was moved again. On May 28, 1533, he declared Henrys marriage to Anne Boleyn to be valid. Anne Boleyn was crowned as Queen on June 1, 1533, and on September 7, gave birth to a daughter they named Elizabeth, after both her grandmothers. Catherines Supporters Catherine had much support, including Henrys sister, Mary, married to Henrys friend Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. She was also more popular with the general public than was Anne, seen as a usurper and interloper. Women seemed especially likely to support Catherine. The visionary Elizabeth Barton, called the nun of Kent, was charged with treason for her outspoken opposition. Sir Thomas Elyot remained an advocate, but managed to avoid Henrys wrath. And she still had the support of her nephew, with his influence over the Pope. Act of Supremacy and Act of Succession When the Pope finally pronounced Henry and Catherines marriage valid, on March 23, 1534, it was too late to influence any of Henrys actions. Also that month, Parliament passed an Act of Succession (legally described as being 1533, since the calendar year then changed at the end of March). Catherine was sent in May to Kimbolten Castle, with a much-reduced household. Even the Spanish ambassador was not permitted access to speak with her. In November, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, recognizing the ruler of England as the supreme head of the Church of England. Parliament also passed an Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession, requiring of all English subjects an oath to support the Act of Succession. Catherine refused to swear any such oath, which would acknowledge Henrys position as head of the church, her own daughter as illegitimate and Annes children as Henrys heirs. More and Fisher Thomas More, also unwilling to take an oath to support the Act of Succession, and having opposed Henrys marriage to Anne, was charged with treason, imprisoned, and executed. Bishop Fisher, an early and consistent opponent of the divorce and supporter of Catherines marriage, was also imprisoned for refusing to recognize Henry as head of the church. While in prison, the new Pope, Paul III, made Fisher a cardinal, and Henry hurried Fishers trial for treason. More and Fisher were both beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1886 and canonized in 1935. Catherines Last Years In 1534 and 1535, when Catherine heard that her daughter Mary was ill, each time she asked to be able to see her and nurse her, but Henry refused to allow that. Catherine did get word out to her supporters to urge the Pope to excommunicate Henry. When, in December 1535, Catherines friend Maria de Salinas heard that Catherine was ill, she asked permission to see Catherine. Refused, she forced herself into Catherines presence anyway. Chapuys, the Spanish ambassador, was also allowed to see her. He left on January 4. On the night of January 6, Catherine dictated letters to be sent to Mary and to Henry, and she died on January 7, in the arms of her friend Maria. Henry and Anne were said to celebrate upon hearing of Catherines death. After Catherines Death When Catherines body was examined after her death, a black growth was found on her heart. The physician of the time pronounced the cause poisoning which her supporters seized on as more reason to oppose Anne Boleyn. But most modern experts looking at the record would suggest that a more likely cause was cancer. Catherine was buried as the Dowager Princess of Wales at Peterborough Abbey on January 29, 1536. Emblems used were of Wales and Spain, not of England. Centuries later, Queen Mary, married to George V, had Catherines gravesite improved and marked with the title Katharine Queen of England. Only when Henry married his third wife, Jane Seymour, did Henry invalidate his second marriage to Anne Boleyn and reaffirm the validity of his marriage to Catherine, restoring their daughter Mary to the succession after any later male heirs he might have. Next: Catherine of Aragon Bibliography About Catherine of Aragon: Catherine of Aragon Facts | Early Life and First Marriage | Marriage to Henry VIII | The Kings Great Matter | Catherine of Aragon Books | Mary I | Anne Boleyn | Women in the Tudor Dynasty

Is Restorative Justice Gaing Support in South Africa

Introduction Punishment, central to any legal proceeding where the accused is found guilty, directly falls under criminal law and is determined by punishment theories. Whether South Africa is moving towards restorative justice approaches influences many aspects: it allows the protection of society, results in more of a crime-free life for the offender and it gives offenders the chance to learn from their experience, and gain insight into their behaviour and allows victims to handle their injustice. If South Africa is truly moving towards applying restorative justice principles in the resolution of disputes it will be evident in the legislation and recent case law in different fields; including crimes of child offenders, serious crimes and†¦show more content†¦It also prevents the children from being exposed to situations in prisons that could influence them more negatively. Less serious crimes As less serious crimes’ sentences do not have minimum sentences prescribed the courts can easily use their discretion in deciding on an appropriate punishment for cases involving less serious crimes. The goal of sentencing should be to prevent future offences, in the most beneficial and least harmful way possible. They can take into consideration two main aspects: the seriousness of the offence and the vulnerability and power differences between the victim and the offender. These are crimes where the victim would benefit more from action that would allow the victim to be compensated than just know that the offender is being punished. In S v Shilubane (2008) the offender was originally sentenced to nine months in prison due to the theft of seven fowls, but at review the sentence was set aside and replaced with a suspended sentence that was â€Å"in line with the new philosophy on restorative justice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2008 (1) SACR p297 4). Serious crimes Restorative justice is most suitable for cases that involve an identifiable victim who have suffered a crime of dishonesty and violence, as it allows the victim and the offender to rectify the imbalances and aid in coming to terms with the injustice. The case of S v Maluleke (2008) the victim’s mother was devastated that the offender did not apologize for their wrongdoing. The

Molecular Biology

Question: Discuss about thee disease associated with genes due to mutation? Answer: Mutation: Molecular biology relates the activity of biomolecules in various cellular systems which include the interaction of DNA, RNA, and Proteins in different biosynthesis pathway. Any miscommunication between the molecules may lead to mutation and genetic diseases. Mutation is the permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of a particular genome. The mutation appears from the damage of DNA replication. DNA comprised of nucleotide sequences of adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). DNA produces two identical DNA replicas from one DNA during replication. DNA replication is a semiconservative process in which one strand of DNA synthesizes continuously (Leading Strand) and another strand synthesized in a discontinuous manner (Lagging Strand). During the replication, it is possible that the enzymes of the replication machinery can put the wrong nucleotide in some places due to lack of proofreading activity of the enzyme. This may lead to the consequences of mutation (Baer, 20 14). After replication, the DNA undergoes transcription process where genetic information from DNA transcribed into RNA with the help of DNA polymerase and transcription machinery. RNA has nucleotide uracil (U) instead of cytosine, and it contains exact genetic information to translate a protein in ribosomes. So any disincorporation of genetic data can result in dysfunction of protein which may lead to genetic disorders. Protein is comprised of a specific sequence of amino acids. Each amino acid has specific genetic triplet codes that ensure its sequence during translation. The protein is synthesized from mRNA, which is the modified version of nascent RNA comprised of only the exon part, excluding the intron. It is possible that some portion of the nucleotide may get delete during splicing of intron portion. The changes in the nucleotide sequences may produce observable changes in an organism or not. Mutation plays a vital role in the changes in functions of genes. There is various type o f mutations that results in the proper or improper biological phenomenon regarding immune system, cancer, and developmental biology. Mutation does not always result in bad effect. Various changes in DNA happen very often, but not always it leads to any disease or cause death. Mutation generates new variation that sometimes gives an individual survival advantage over other. The main concept of mutation is it creates the difference. Some types of mutation are- Substitution mutation- In the case of this one mutation base is exchange another base. Change in one chemical letter changes the whole genetic triplet codon which results in incorporation of wrong amino acid in protein. However, changes in amino acid codon sometimes create a stop codon results in the incomplete protein (Allison, 2012). Deletion mutation- This kind of mutation related to deletion of one base or a set of bases from the DNA. Deletion of chromosome 22 can result in heart defects immune disease. Insertion Mutation- In this type of mutation extra base pairs is inserted in the DNA stretch. The number of bases can vary from one to thousands. Insertion of more nucleotides disrupts the reading frame which leads to the altered amino acid sequence during translation. Huntingtons disease is an example of inserted trinucleotide repeats (Allison, 2012). Disease associated with genes due to mutation: When abnormalities in the gene lead to the occurrence of disease, it termed as a genetic disease. These kinds of diseases are rare and occur in one person compare to thousands. Genetic diseases sometimes may be heritable. When a particular gene is responsible for such disorders, it refers to single gene diseases. As a result, the protein that the gene produces either synthesized in a high amount or stop producing. Some of the diseases associated with gene are- ADA (Adenosine deaminase deficiency)- A rare but dangerous disease of gene disorder that associated with the disorder in the immune system. It occurs with a mutation on chromosome 20. The amino acid alanine replaces glycine at 282th position of the chromosome. This disease restricts the synthesize of the enzyme adenosine deaminase enzyme. Without the enzyme, the toxin particle accumulates and destroys the immune cells. The enzyme deficiency results in increased level of S-adenosylhomocysteine which is toxic to lymphocytes. Individuals with this disease become susceptible to almost all kind of disease such as respiratory system, skin diseases. Babies born with this kind of disorder even die within few months of birth. Cystic Fibrosis- This genetic disorder affects the exocrine glands. The liver is highly affected in this case. Difficulties in the digestion of fats and proteins occur due to cystic fibrosis. The chromosome 7 responsible for the disease makes it an autosomal recessive one. The mutation occurs at the 508th position of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. Cystic fibrosis affects the sweat glands resulting in excessive salt excretion which disrupts the mineral balance of the body. The major sign of cystic fibrosis is the salty tasting of skin with poor growth. In severe cases, the vas deferens of the male body can be damaged forever (Allison, 2012). Sickle-cell disease- As stated by Baer (2014), it is a severe hereditary anemic disease. The shape of the red blood cells distorts due to the mutation in chromosome 11 of hemoglobin beta gene. The mutation replaces glutamic acid with valine in the 6th Due to the change in the amino acid, individual suffers from low oxygen supply as valine is hydrophobic in nature. The oxygen supply declines because the altered hemoglobin-S stick to each other and aggregates in the blood. This condition occurs when the person inherits two abnormal copies of hemoglobin gene from the parents. MSUD (Maple Syrup Urine Disease)- It is also an inheritable disease. It associated with a defect in one of three genes. Individuals with this disorder cannot break down leucine, isoleucine, and valine amino acids. High level of leucine consumption can result in mental disability. Individual with MSUD may damage their brain during physical stress. The main symptom of the disease is the smell of urine that smells like maple syrup with increased level of ketone body and excess level of acid in the blood. The single gene disorder can be treated with Gene therapy. It is a technique used by doctors instead of using surgical operation or drugs. This technique uses particular genes and transfers it into the body via vector system to treat the disordered gene. However, one major problem with gene therapy is the lack of availability of proper vector system. References: Baer, C. (2014).Mutation Allison, L. (2012).Fundamental molecular biology, 2e. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Pathetic Fallacy in Romeo and Juliet in Act 3 Scene 1 Essay Example For Students

Pathetic Fallacy in Romeo and Juliet in Act 3 Scene 1 Essay Romeo and Juliet is one of the most famous plays written by Shakespeare, it is famous for its intense romance. It was written in the 17th century and by reading the play it is quite obvious that people at that time had very different views on life than the present time. At the time of Shakespeare, religion was an extremely serious matter, things such as honour and the importance of family were extremely valued and any that went against or ridiculed these beliefs were considered criminals. For these reasons Shakespeare decided he would set the entire play in Italy to avoid confrontation from the people. The main scene of the play will be analysed, Act 3 Scene 1, in this scene the mood of the play changes from happiness to sadness and changes the whole play, making it a key scene in Romeo and Juliet. The techniques used by Shakespeare, such as pathetic fallacy, to create tension in this dramatic part of the play will also be analysed. Before this scene there is already a certain degree of tension throughout the play; the most obvious one is before the beginning, the prologue, which tells the audience that this story will end in tragedy, thus ultimately death. In Act 1 Scene 1 there is a fight between the two houses Capulet and Montague, in this scene there is a lot of tension and hatred What, drawn and talk peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. Have at thee coward. In this scene it also shows how easily the two houses can start a brawl with no concern for the civilian lives. The brawl is interrupted by the Prince, who states that if there is anymore fighting between the houses the house responsible will suffer the death penalty; the tension created at this point is recalled throughout all of the play. The play develops and becomes quite confusing for the audience, Romeo states he is out of love and then later on within seconds falls in love with Juliet at the Capulets party, there is als o an abundant amount of tension when Romeo and his friends go to their most hated houses party without an invitation. After Romeo falls in love, Romeo discovers that Juliet is a Capulet; even so he decides to risk his life just to see Juliet later on in Act 2 Scene 2. The events described in the previous paragraph create a lot of tension early on in the play. At the beginning of Act 3 Scene 1 the fear of Benvolio encountering the Capulets in public is apparent I pray thee good Mercutio lets retire, the day is hot, the Capulets are abroad. And if we meet we shall not scape a brawl, for now these hot days, is the mad blood stirring this is a perfect example of a pathetic fallacy, this is a technique used by Shakespeare to give inanimate objects, such as the weather, human emotions, this helps the audience understand better the mood of the scene. In this case Shakespeare uses the weather to represent Benvolios fear. Benvolio uses the weather to try and convince Mercutio to retire because he knows that is they have an encounter with the Capulets a fight will surely follow. From the use of this technique the audience is given an insight of the fear and tension the characters are feeling at that particular moment. Despite these warnings Mercutio refuses to leave because he is not scared of an encounter with the Capulets. Mercutio then criticizes his fear and points out how Benvolio was always involved in the previous fights between the houses, this particular part of the scene creates a lot of tension and Mercutios willingness to stay increases it further. .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 , .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 .postImageUrl , .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 , .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5:hover , .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5:visited , .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5:active { border:0!important; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5:active , .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5 .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4bf99533203dbaaf5e824ab698cd3ae5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare EssayIt is also interesting to note the setting chosen by Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet is set in Verona in Italy, at the time things such as love were not acceptable on stage. Shakespeare moved it to Italy to avoid confrontation and scepticism from the audience and authorities. Many had never travelled before and getting a glimpse of what happened outside of the country was extremely interesting, this factor gave even more attention at that time to this play. At the beginning of the scene only Benvolio and Mercutio are there, the tension is rising because of Mercutios refusal to go home. When Tybalt and the Capulets arrive there is a major increase in tension because there will surely be a fight, as they start to argue and then eventually start to fight there is a great amount of tension. When Romeo enters the tension starts to increase rapidly as Tybalt approaches him after disregarding the fight with Mercutio. Tybalt starts to fight Romeo, which results in the death of Mercutio, because of this Romeo is infuriated and kills Tybalt when he returns. Mercutio is a very humorous and energetic character and is always quite happy to fight; this is probably because he is of neither houses and thus plays a very neutral part in the play. He is also related to the Prince and probably believes he will not get involved between the fights of the two houses. Because of this behaviour he often puts other characters in danger, especially in this scene when he refuses to leave to avoid a fight. Mercutio loves to play with words and can easily anger people with his jousting. Mercutios jousting and carelessness for a fight is very dangerous because if a fight arose between the two houses nobody would try to stop them, this situation creates further tension. Mercutio seems to enjoy the amount of tension increasing and is part of his personality. The knowledge of the major possibility of a fight starting alone creates a lot of tension; another thing that creates tension is the knowledge that whichever house starts the fight will be punished by the death penalty. The audience knows that the play will end in death and thus the tension builds up when the scenario of a possible tragedy is apparent, this is called dramatic irony. The language used by Shakespeare is the main cause of tension during this scene. One of the best examples of language used are the phrases used by Mercutio towards Tybalt thou art a villain, Good king of cats, by my heal I care not, A plague aboth your houses! Those are some of the many quotes of language used by Shakespeare to create tension. When Mercutio and Tybalt encounter each other a verbal fight breaks out, Shakespeare uses these two contrasting characters to create tension. Whilst they insult each other the audience know this is going to escalate into a fight and thus tension is created. Although Shakespeares language is elaborate it is apparent that they are insulting each other, and through the escalation of tension the audience comes to realise that the prophecy that was said in the prologue is about to become true. Benvolo is very important character in the play. He takes the part of the narrator in most scenes; he also helps recap events when there is a fast paced scene. He told the Prince what happened when the two houses clashed and Mercutio and Tybalt died. His helps the audience have a better understanding of the play and makes it easier to understand. He keeps the audience up to date and helps the tension remain throughout the play. A interesting thing to note is that characters of high rank always talk in riming couplets, this is Shakespeares way to tell the audience they are important. Although it is not a major role Benvolios part is helpful for the understanding of the play. .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 , .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 .postImageUrl , .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 , .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9:hover , .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9:visited , .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9:active { border:0!important; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9:active , .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9 .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4407ef7c260d9325e701ef1cce4931a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Withered Arm EssayShakespeare uses a lot of techniques to create tension. Pathetic fallacy is when inanimate objects reflect human emotions, for example, as I said before, the weather in Act 3 Scene 1. Another technique used is dramatic irony; this is when the audience know something that the characters dont know such as Romeo and Juliets marriage, which ultimately led to everyones death. Another technique, which I have not mentioned, is juxtaposition, which is when there are two contrasting emotions which closely follow each other, for example when Romeo and Juliet get married it is very happy, then when everyone died it was sad. Using these techniques Shakespeare has created a truly compelling, fascinating and deeply emotional piece which is appreciated by everyone around the globe.